Taking Shape: Abstraction From the Arab World, 1950s-1980s, a 2020 installation at New York University's Grey Art Gallery, explored how Arabic calligraphy, with its ancient presence in visual art, influenced abstract art in the Arab world. The Hurufiyya ( الحروفية letters) movement, since its beginnings in the early 20th century, uses the artistic manipulation of Arabic calligraphy and typography in abstraction. The shift from Arabic calligraphy to Arabic typography presents technical challenges, as Arabic is essentially a cursive script with contextual shapes.ĮL Seed, a French-Tunisian graffiti artist, makes use of Arabic calligraphy in his various art projects, in a style called calligraffiti. For example, the Amiri typeface is inspired by the Naskh script used at the Amiri Press in Cairo. 1942), United States of AmericaĪrabic calligraphy serves as a major source of inspiration for Arabic typography. Sadequain Naqqash (1930-1987), Pakistan.Shakkir Hassan Al Sa'id (1925-2004) in Iraq.List of calligraphers įurther information: List of Ottoman calligraphers Due to this reason, it's difficult to read since the letters intertwine. The lining and lettering of this script creates a sense of closeness when writing. The Diwani Script was created during the Ottoman era. The cursive look creates an elegant look when creating. Because of the upward slant to the left, the script is seen as different from the other scripts. The Nasta'liq script is used more for Persian than Arabic scripting. The script was used on mosques and for Quranic text due to the appearance of the text. The Thuluth script used during the medieval times is known as one of the oldest scripts to exist. The Thuluth and Nasta'liq and Diwani script are other scripts used for Arabic scripting. The script is used as a cursive script, for example on papyrus and paper. Kūfic was derived from Iraq and initially used for inscription on stone and metal. The two most popular scripts used for Arabic calligraphy are Kufic and Naskh. These pens are made from hardwood and cut and drilled. The Celi pen is used for large writing in Arabic calligraphy. The pen is good to use for all kinds of scripts. The Handam pen consists of the same strength that the Java pen has. The pen is good to use for small scripts. The Java pen is known for the tool's hardness and ability to create sharp edges. Although this pen has been used for over 500 years, preparing the pen is a lengthy process. The reed of the pen is grown along rivers. The Khamish pen also known as a reed pen is used by Arab, Turkish, and Iranian calligraphers. The most common calligraphy pen used is Qalam. The tools used for calligraphy are different assortments of pens and calligraphy ink. The pens used for Arabic calligraphy vary from Latin calligraphy. These four locations are also known as initial, medial, final and isolated. Each letter can be written in four ways, depending on where the letter is placed in a word. The alphabet consists of 28 letters written from right to left. Many scholars believe that the alphabet was created around the 4th century CE. The Arabic alphabet is one of the most widely used scripts in the world. Likewise, there is Islamic calligraphy in Persian or the historic Ottoman language. Coptic or other Christian manuscripts in Arabic, for example, have made use of calligraphy. Īlthough most Islamic calligraphy is in Arabic and most Arabic calligraphy is Islamic, the two are not identical. In fact, it has been linked in the Arabic culture to various fields such as religion, art, architecture, education and craftsmanship, which in return have played an important role in its advancement. Kufic is the oldest form of the Arabic script.įrom an artistic point of view, Arabic calligraphy has been known and appreciated for its diversity and great potential for development. It is known in Arabic as khatt ( Arabic: خط), derived from the word 'line', 'design', or 'construction'. The stylized signature of Sultan Abdul Hamid I of the Ottoman Empire was written in an expressive calligraphy.Īrabic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy based on the Arabic alphabet. A copy of the Qur'an by Ibn al-Bawwab in the year 1000/1001 CE, thought to be the earliest existing example of a Qur'an written in a cursive script.
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